The Glycemic Index
The glycemic index was developed by researchers from the University of Toronto approximately thirty years ago, and was
primarily used as a tool for diabetics looking to control their blood glucose (blood sugar) levels (7). Today, many other nondiabetic
individuals are also using this index as a way to choose foods to eat for health, weight loss and performance. Relative
to weight loss, several scientific studies have been conducted with the primary intervention being the glycemic index values
of various diets (4,10,11). Specifically, the glycemic index is a numerical ranking of carbohydrate-containing foods based on
their potential to raise blood sugar levels. Carbohydrates that are high on the glycemic index (>70) are quickly digested and
absorbed. These carbohydrates tend to cause a rapid rise in blood glucose and in most cases a quick rise in insulin. Conversely,
carbohydrates that are low on the glycemic index (~55 and below) are more slowly absorbed and subsequently cause
a relatively small increase in blood sugar and insulin. Hence, the glycemic index allows an individual to indirectly estimate
both blood glucose and insulin levels which is not only important for diabetics, but is also important for anyone looking to
control body weight or when determining what type of carbohydrates to ingest prior to and following exercise bouts.

Determining the Glycemic Index of a Food
Researchers measure out a portion of food that contains 50 grams of carbohydrate. For instance, 4 slices of bread, 1 1/4 cups
of rice, 1 1/2 pounds of carrots, and 2 medium apples each contains about 50 grams of available carbohydrate. A food is fed
to a group of test subjects and their blood sugar responses are measured. The test subjects’ blood sugar response to the food
is then compared with their response to eating 50 grams (about 3 tablespoons) of pure glucose. To illustrate this point, oatmeal
will be used as an example. Oatmeal on average is approximately 49 on the glycemic index. When plain oatmeal that
contains 50 grams of carbohydrate is eaten, it will produce an increase in blood sugar approximately 49% of that obtained
when the same amount (i.e. 50 grams) of straight glucose is consumed.

Foods That Have a High Glycemic Index
Generally speaking, foods that rank high on the glycemic index include products made from finely ground flours like bread
and baked goods; processed breakfast cereals (Corn Flakes®); candy (i.e., jelly beans), and baked, mashed, and French fried
potatoes (5). Foods that rank lower on the glycemic index include most vegetables and fruits; sweet potatoes; legumes; minimally
processed whole grains such as thick-cut oatmeal, oat bran, barley, pasta; and dairy products (5).

Glycemic Index vs. Glycemic Load
The glycemic index is not the only tool that can be used to determine the blood glucose response to a particular food item.
The glycemic load uses the glycemic index as well as the actual amount of carbohydrate (i.e. the serving size) to determine
the overall effect that a carbohydrate-containing food has on blood sugar and subsequent insulin values. As mentioned
earlier, the glycemic index compares different food sources that contain carbohydrates of the same quantity (i.e. 50 grams of
glucose is compared to 50 grams of carbohydrate in oatmeal). However, this is not always practical or realistic because many
foods are not consumed in 50 gram (1.76 ounces) portions. The glycemic load is calculated by multiplying the amount of
carbohydrate in a given serving of food by the glycemic index of that same food and then dividing that number by 100.
For example, a boiled potato has a glycemic index of ~101 and a Mars® candy bar has a glycemic index of ~65. However,
the average serving size of a baked potato is about 150 grams (5.3 oz) and contains 17 grams of carbohydrate. Conversely,
a Mars® candy bar serving size is only 60 grams (2.1 oz) but contains 40 grams of carbohydrate. The boiled potato has a
glycemic load of 17, while the Mars bar is 26. Thus, even though the potato has a higher glycemic index, the Mars® candy
bar has a greater effect on blood glucose than the potato even though the size of the Mars® candy bar is less than half that of
the potato. Dr. Jeukendrup, a respected sports nutrition researcher, reports that foods with a glycemic load of > 20 are high,
11-19 are medium, and < 10 are low (8). The following table lists some common foods with their corresponding glycemic
index and glycemic loads.

Conclusion
While both the glycemic index and the glycemic load provide information relative to the impact that carbohydrates have on
the blood sugar and subsequent insulin response, the glycemic load is a more practical scale for reasons mentioned above.
It is also important to realize that both glycemic index and glycemic load only refer to the food eaten alone. When fat or
protein from other foods are added to a meal containing carbohydrates, the total impact of either score goes down. In conclusion,
since carbohydrate intake and its effects on the blood glucose/insulin response are important for the hard training
athlete, one should consider utilizing the glycemic load to assist in making carbohydrate food choices.

References

Bill Campbell, PhD, CSCS

Does stress affect eating, weight, and where fat is distributed on the body? This is a question that has begged an answer from experts for many years. The body makes cortisol to help us handle stress. When stress goes up, cortisol levels go up. And it's often repeated that obese people have higher cortisol levels than lean people.

Cortisol has widespread actions which help restore homeostasis after stress, including increasing production of glucose from protein to quickly increase the body’s energy during stressful times.

However, cortisol has a two-fold effect on fat. When the stress first occurs, fat is broken down to supply the body with a rapid source of energy. When we experience something stressful, our brains release a substance known as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which puts the body on alert and sends it into "fight or flight" mode. As the body gears up for battle, the pupils dilate, thinking improves, and the lungs take in more oxygen. But something else happens as well: Our appetite is suppressed, and the digestive system shuts off temporarily. CRH also triggers the release of the hormones adrenaline and cortisol, which help mobilize carbohydrate and fat for quick energy. When the immediate stress is over, the adrenaline dissipates, but the cortisol lingers to help bring the body back into balance. And one of the ways it gets things back to normal is to increase our appetites so we can replace the carbohydrate and fat we should have burned while fleeing or fighting.

Your body assumes you have just physically exerted yourself, for example running from a lion, and need to restock your reserves by eating a lot of carbohydrates or fatty food that can easily be stored as fat. In reality, you are probably still sitting in your car or at your desk, still fuming and stressed out.

This is where the potential second effect of cortisol comes into play.  Experts now believe that the problem for many of us is being in a constant state of stress. Exposure to cortisol over the long term can lead to weight gain, as your appetite and insulin levels are continuously increased.

It is generally suggested that stress-induced cortisol weight is usually gained around the waistline, because fat cells in that area are more sensitive to cortisol. The fat cells in your abdomen are richer in stress hormone receptors, are particularly sensitive to high insulin, and are very effective at storing energy – more so than fat cells you would find in other areas of the body. This is the most dangerous place to gain weight, as it can lead to metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and heart disease.

If we do accept that chronic stress and elevated cortisol may be factors in weight problems, what can you do if you want to reduce cortisol?

First, focus on becoming stress resistant. One of the best things to reduce stress and improve insulin sensitivity, for example, is getting regular exercise. Exercise not only helps promote weight loss by burning calories, but is also beneficial because it helps neutralize stress and its effects, which in turn helps you keep weight off.

Second, practice stress reduction techniques such as meditation, yoga, and breathing exercises. Improving time management can also be essential to reducing stress in one’s hectic lifestyle.

Third, how a person perceives stressful situations is also important. n. Hence, stress makes life difficult, but our reaction to it is important as well.

References

1. Talbot S, Kramer W. The Cortisol Connection. 1st ed. Berkeley, CA: Publishers Group West, 2002.
2. Epel ES, McEwen B, Seeman T, Matthews K, Castellazzo G, Brownell KD, Bell J, Ickovics JR. Stress and body shape: stress-induced cortisol secretion is consistently greater among women with central fat. Psychosom Med. 2000 Sep-Oct;62(5):623-32.
3. Smart JL, Tolle V, Low MJ. Glucocorticoids exacerbate obesity and insulin resistance in neuron-specific proopiomelanocortin-deficient mice. J Clin Invest.2006 Feb;116(2):495-505. Epub 2006 Jan 26. Erratum in: J Clin Invest. 2006 Mar;116(3):842.
4. Salehi M, Ferenczi A, Zmoff B. Obesity and Cortisol Status. Horm Metab Res 2005;37:193-197.
5. Prezio JA, Carreon G, Clerkin E, Meloni CR, Kyle LH, Canary JJ. Influence of Body Composition on Adrenal Function in Obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1964;24:481-485.
6. Streeten DH, Stevenson CT, Dalakos TG, Nicholas JJ, Dennick LG, Fellerman H. The diagnosis of hypercortisolism. Biochemical criteria differentiating patients from lean and obese normal subjects and from female on oral contraceptives. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1969;29:1191-211.
7. Jessop DS, Dallman MF, Flaming D, Lightman SL. Resistance to glucocorticoid feedback in obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:4109-4114.
8. Hellman L, Nakada F, Curti J Et al. Cortisol is secreted episodically by normal man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1970;30:411-422.
9. Chalew SA, Nagel H, Burt D, Edwards CR. The integrated concentration of cortisone is reduced in obese children. J Pediatr Endocrinal Metab 1997; 10: 287-290.
10. Chalew SA, Lozano RA, Armour KM, Zadik Z, Kowarski AA. Reduction of plasma cortisol levels in childhood obesity. J Pediatr 1991; 119: 778-780.
11. Strain GW, Zumoff B, Kream J, Strain JJ, Levin J, Fukushia D. Sex difference in the influence of obesity on the 24 hr mean plasma concentration of cortisol. Metabolism 1982: 31: 209-212.

Triglycerides are the form in which most fat exists within the body. Triglycerides in the blood are derived from fats eaten in foods or are made in the body from other sources like carbohydrates. Triglycerides can accumulate on the walls of the arteries and contribute to buildup of atherosclerotic plaque.  Elevated blood triglycerides are involved in the deadly Metabolic Syndrome that pre-disposes individuals to Type 2 Diabetes and it is related to Vascular Complications.

Triglycerides are the major constituent of "Abdominal Fat".  Excess blood triglycerides induce an accumulation of undesired body fat ( especially in the visceral Abdominal Region). Abdominal obesity is a major risk factor for heart attack, stroke, dementia, and a host of chronic inflammatory diseases.

The American Heart Association website says triglycerides levels up to 100 MG/DL are safe, but Optimal fasting triglycerides are UNDER 100 MG/DL of blood. More recent studies are suggesting that fasting triglycerides should be even lower.

source: life extension study on Tocotrenols

• Allergy symptoms
• Breast cancer
• Breast tenderness
• Cold hands and feet
• Decreased sex drive
• Mood swings
• Dry eyes
• Depression, anxiety, irritability
• Fatigue
• Fibrocystic breasts
• Increase risk of strokes
• Irregular menstrual periods
• Headaches
• Hypoglycemia
• Insomnia
• Slow metabolism
• Infertility
• PMS
• Zinc deficiency
• Osteoporosis
• Uterine fibroids
• Uterine cancer
• Water retention, bloating
• Weight gain
• Hair loss
• Acceleration of the aging process
• Fat gain around hips and thighs
• Polycystic ovaries
• Endometrial cancer
• Memory loss, foggy thinking
• Thyroid dysfunction
• Magnesium deficiency
• Gallbladder disease
• Unstable blood sugar
• Cervical dysplasia
• Ovarian cancer

Many women in their twenties, mid-thirties through forties, and even women who are menopausal can be overloaded with estrogen. At the same time they may be suffering from a deficiency of progesterone due to a severe drop in the body’s production, which leads to insufficient progesterone to counteract the amount of estrogen in the body. It is most noticeable among peri-menopausal women who do not ovulate, which is quite common.  You may have a fairly normal cycle, but no egg is released and very little progesterone is produced.

Estrogen dominance can be caused by more than the body’s production of hormones. For example, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), birth control pills, environmental estrogens, plant estrogens, stress, obesity, poor liver function, peri-menopause, and glandular dysfunction.

We are constantly assaulted by estrogens in our environment from the food we eat and the chemicals we use.  Estrogen mimickers in the form of food/plants (phytoestrogens) and chemicals (xenoestrogens), can mimic the action of estrogen produced in cells and can alter hormonal activity. Exposure to xenoestrogens is a concern for everyone, and those with an estrogen dominance condition should be particularly concerned about avoiding xenoestrogens.

Phytoestrogens are naturally occurring estrogenic compounds that are found in a variety of foods, herbs, spices.  Their chemical structure resembles estrogen. These compounds are generally weak estrogens, in comparison to real estrogen and xenoestrogens, but in a body that is already experiencing too much estrogen, adding more may contribute to the problem.

Some of the strongest phytoestrogen containing substances are soy, the lignans found in flax seed products, red clover, black cohosh, chasteberry, and dong quai. Soy includes soybeans, soy milk, tofu, tempeh, textured vegetable protein, roasted soybeans, soy granules, miso, and edamames.

Key points to reducing estrogen dominance:

• Avoid chemical sources of estrogen (xenoestrogen)
• Avoid food sources of estrogen (phytoestrogens)
• Cleanse the liver
• Exercise
• Reduce stress
• Balance hormones
• Metabolize excess estrogen (DIM, Calcium D-Glucarate)
• Do not heat food in plastic
• Drink out of glass containers, not plastic or Styrofoam

In Western medicine a formal diagnosis for fibromyalgia didn't exist until 1990, but now there are three FDA-approved meds to combat the pain. Strategies are needed to improve sleep, stretch and restore symmetry to muscles that have been shortened by spasm, and raise overall conditioning through exercise.

The acupuncturist approach to fibromyalgia, which is energy-based, believes the root of fibromyalgia is a disturbance in nerves that block energy. The disturbance is caused by sensitivities to substances ranging from pollen to vaccines to chemical agents in fabrics. Anxiety and depression may also play a key role. Practitioners use acupuncture to release energy and allergy testing to identify problem substances.

The psychological approach is the belief that fibromyalgia is not caused by depression but depression can cause the patient to feel greater pain.  Mental health professionals may play a complementary role in treatment, but it's a vital one. Cognitive behavioral therapy can relieve depression and help patients identify sources of stress that magnify their symptoms.

Fibromyalgia is a system wide breakdown.  In studies, patients improved by as much as 91 percent when placed on a protocol that included nutritional supplements. Supplements help sufferers sleep, balance hormones, boost immunity, and improve nutrition. Regular exercise is also helpful in reducing the effects of fibromyalgia.
 

• Prostate problems
• Man boobs
• Impotency
• Male patterned baldness
• Weight gain
• Low libido

Men too, not just women, can suffer from estrogen dominance.  As men age, their estradiol levels gradually rise, whereas their progesterone and testosterone levels gradually fall. The hormone balance changes. These gradual changes lead to reduction in testosterone benefits and eventually to estrogen dominance. That is, his estradiol effects emerge since his testosterone level is not sufficient to block or balance them.  The “beer belly” seen on the aging male is typically a sign of estrogen dominance.

Estrogens from plant estrogens and environmental sources, also known as xenoestrogens, produce hormonal stimuli that can contribute to inappropriate growth of mammary tissue cells.  In men, estrogen dominance stimulates breast cell growth and prostate hypertrophy.  Since the male prostate is the embryonic equivalent of the uterus, it should not be surprising that estrogen dominance is also a major cause of prostate cancer.

We are constantly assaulted by estrogens in our environment from the food we eat and the chemicals we use.  Estrogen mimickers in the form of food/plants (phytoestrogens) and chemicals (xenoestrogens), can mimic the action of estrogen produced in cells and can alter hormonal activity. Exposure to xenoestrogens is a concern for everyone, and those with an estrogen dominance condition should be particularly concerned about avoiding xenoestrogens.

Phytoestrogens are naturally occurring estrogenic compounds that are found in a variety of foods, herbs, spices.  Their chemical structure resembles estrogen. These compounds are generally weak estrogens, in comparison to real estrogen and xenoestrogens, but in a body that is already experiencing too much estrogen, adding more may contribute to the problem.

Some of the strongest phytoestrogen containing substances are soy, the lignans found in flax seed products, red clover, black cohosh, chasteberry, and dong quai. Soy includes soybeans, soy milk, tofu, tempeh, textured vegetable protein, roasted soybeans, soy granules, miso, and edamames.

Key points to reducing estrogen dominance:

• Avoid chemical sources of estrogen (xenoestrogen)
• Avoid food sources of estrogen (phytoestrogens)
• Cleanse the liver
• Exercise
• Reduce stress
• Balance hormones
• Metabolize excess estrogen (DIM, Calcium D-Glucarate)
• Do not heat food in plastic
• Drink out of glass containers, not plastic or Styrofoam

Unlike women, middle-aged men do not experience a complete and permanent physiological shutting down of the reproductive system as a normal event. Historically, by the age of 55 the amount of testosterone secreted by the testis is significantly lower than it was at the age of 40 years. By the age of 80 most of the male hormone levels decrease to pre-puberty levels.

There exists a relationship between the testis, testosterone, the brain and the pituitary glands in the male body.   Andropause is simply an endocrine imbalance that can be easily corrected today. All male hormones gradually decline with passing years. Testosterone (from the testis); Human Growth Hormone, from the pituitary; and DHEA and androstenedione, from the adrenal Glands, all begin to drop steadily.

During the last couple of decades this steady drop in hormone production has been accelerated due to estrogens in our environment (herbicides, pesticides, fungicides, Hormones used to produce fatter animals, larger eggs, more milk, etc.) causing estrogen dominance in men. The overall effect is less bio-available testosterone in the body of adult males young and old alike.

The impact of low levels of testosterone are identified symptoms of what they labeled the "male climacteric" including loss of libido and potency, nervousness, depression, impaired memory, the inability to concentrate, fatigue, insomnia, hot flashes, and sweating.

Andropause has been observed in association with Alzheimer's disease and osteoporosis.

Many clinicians believe that Andropause is not a valid concept, because men can continue to reproduce into old age. Their reproductive systems do not stop working completely, and therefore they do not exhibit the sudden and dramatic drops in hormone levels characteristic of women undergoing menopause. In some men before the age of 60 there is a complete loss of libido, erectile function, and orgasmic ability.

Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) along with exercise, diet changes and reduction of stress are all effective in countering the effects of low testosterone.  Symptoms decrease dramatically when patients follow the recommended therapy.
 

Hormone levels are generally optimal in our early twenties but begin to decline at a rate of 2% per year after the age of 30. Hormone levels decline because our glands and the parts of our brain that control our glands deteriorate with age. This age-related hormone loss is natural, but it is not adaptive; it is destructive. It is one of the mechanisms of aging.  It is Mother Nature’s way of canceling us out by deterioration and death.

Hormone loss has been shown to contribute to many of the disorders and diseases that we suffer as we age – diabetes, atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, fatigue, loss of muscle strength, osteoporosis, autoimmune diseases, cognitive decline, increased cholesterol levels, loss of libido, depression, and some cancers. Many have additional non-age-related hormone insufficiencies or imbalances due to hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, endocrine gland failure, hormone resistance, and metabolic disorders.

Women are more so affected by hormonal disorders because their complex hormonal system is adapted to produce and feed babies; not to optimize their vitality as it is in men. Women lose vital sex hormones in perimenopause and menopause, and they have a much higher incidence of thyroid insufficiency and cortisol insufficiency (fatigue, aches, anxiety, depression, allergies, and autoimmune diseases).

Progesterone, estrogen, and testosterone are three sex hormones whose names are known by women and are extremely important when considering hormone optimization.  There are also further hormone optimization considerations. 

Each day nearly 200 hormones and hormone-like substances course silently through your body, acting as chemical messengers secreted by nine major endocrine glands (adrenals, thyroid, parathyroid, ovaries, hypothalamus, pancreas, thymus, pituitary, pineal) and other organs.  These hormones affect every cell in your body, helping to determine whether you’re hot or cold, hungry or full, calm or stressed, alert or sleepy, and naughty or nice.  Whether you’re asleep or awake, hormones also build bone, regulate your menstrual cycles, and direct myriad other essential functions. 

So keeping your hormones in balance, in an optimized state, is vital for day-to-day good health.

Sermorelin stimulates production of the body's own HGH, which is also referred to as Gh Secretagogues. It is a truncated analog of growth hormone releasing factor that is naturally produced by the brain to stimulate pituitary production and secretion of HGH.

GHRH declines with age causing reduced production and secretion of pituitary HGH and thereby increasing the aftereffects of growth hormone insufficiency.

Sermorelin benefits:

• Increases natural production of Growth Hormone
• Improves Physical Performance
• Improves Immune Function
• Increases IGF-1
• Improves sleep quality
• Decreases body fat
• Increases lean muscle mass

Growth Hormone Releasing Peptides (GHRP-2 and GHRP-6)

Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2 (GHRP-2) is a synthetic 6-amino acid peptide that has robustly potent properties and GHRP-6 is a 28-amino acid peptide in the growth factor family.  GHRPs are a small family of peptides acting at the pituitary and the hypothalamus to release Growth hormone (GH) through the activation of a specific, G protein-coupled receptor.

They were discovered 20 years ago as synthetic tissue derived amino acids. Although it has no structural homology with Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH), in clinical studies GHRP-2 demonstrated action on the pituitary to release Human Growth Hormone (HGH).

GHRP-2 substantially stimulates the pituitary gland's increased natural production of the body's own endogenous human growth hormone (HGH).  GHRP-2 has shown to robustly increase IGF-1 levels, and even greater results occurred when used with Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) to which also stimulates the pituitary gland to produce increased natural secretion of HGH. This also boosts the hypothalamus function as well.

GHRP-6 causes stimulation of the anterior pituitary gland which ultimately causes an increase in GH release.  Since GHRP-6 acts directly on the feedback loop which signals the inhibition of GH release, when natural GH secretion has been inhibited by long term synthetic use, GHRP-6 can be used to re-stimulate the natural production of GH.

Benefits of increased Growth Hormone levels through GHRP stimulation include:  an increase in strength, muscle mass and body fat loss, rejuvenation and strengthening of joints, connective tissue and bone mass. Enhanced GH secretion also leads to the liver secreting more IGF-1 (Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1), which is thought to be the primary anabolic mechanism of action for Growth Hormone.

Two products used to provision Gh Secretagogues are Gho-Rhelin (GHRP-2, GHRP-6, Sermorelin) and Gho-Rhelin Plus, a double dose of Gho-Rhelin.  For further information on Gh Secretagogue Therapy, call the AMOWC office at 813-341.2600.

HCG is a water soluble hormone produced by the placenta. It is found in the urine of pregnant women, primarily during the first trimester of pregnancy. It is part of a class of glycoprotein hormones, which include FSH (follicle stimulating hormones), TSH (thyroid stimulating hormones) and LH (luteinizing hormones). It contains both alpha and beta amino acids.

HCG can help to increase an infertile woman's chances of becoming pregnant, and it can help women suffering from irregular menstrual cycles. It also aids in the production of testosterone and sperm. Finally, male children who are born with cryptorchidism (an abnormality in the testes present at birth) are aided by hCG.

More than 50 years ago Dr. A. T. W. Simeons became interested in how a pregnant woman could lose weight during pregnancy and still deliver a healthy baby. While researching this occurrence he found that the hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG) to be responsible. This hormone is produced by the body in abundance during pregnancy, causing the mothers adipose fat to liquefy in levels more than sufficient to supply her bloodstream with nutrition around the clock to ensure the proper development of her unborn child.

Taking his research further, Dr Simeons studied the effects of hCG on weight loss. During his studies, it was noticed that when small doses of hCG were administered, without a diet and without weight loss, changes in body measurements occurred, hips and waist became smaller. At first it was thought that this was due to redistribution of water. Later it was established that it was adipose tissue fat that was on the move.

One pound of body fat stores upwards of 2000 calories. Once body fat is made fluid, nutrition can be released to the bloodstream, reducing hunger, and waste flushed from the system. Calories provided on an even consistent level improves metabolism. With diet, women were shown to lose weight at a rate of ½ to ¾ pounds per day and men at a rate of ½ to 1½ pounds per day.

Due to lack of proven results and the government action, hCG injections lost popularity until they were revived in 2007 by Kevin Trudeau claiming that hCG injections were the cure to obesity and that the American Medical Association, FDA and other medical groups were part of a conspiracy to suppress the truth.

While shedding extra pounds helps to improve the overall health of a person on the hCG diet, additional benefits noted with hCG injections are normalized cholesterol levels, normalized thyroid gland and to balanced hormones while rebuilding the adrenal glands.

People that have arthritis, osteo arthritis, joint problems, cartilages damage or cervical problems experience a relief of pain and an overall improvement to the quality of life.